Antioxidants prevent oxidative stress by acting as the neutralizing harmful excessive free radicals. Having optimal amounts of antioxidants can prevent DNA damage caused by oxidative stress that could lead to aging and age-related…
NAD is a cofactor responsible for powering biological processes that slow or reverse five out of nine hallmarks of aging. Having optimal NAD levels can delay age-related diseases and optimize healthspan. NAD declines with age and supp…
Albumin is synthesized by the liver and is the most abundant protein in the blood. It is essential for the body to both maintain growth and repair tissues. In healthy people, a blood albumin level of less than 3.5 g/dl is considered d…
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in several tissues including liver, bone, intestine, kidney, placenta and white blood cells. Damage to these tissues causes the release of ALP into the bloodstream. ALP in blo…
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, also known as SGPT) is one of the most widely tested liver enzymes. The other one is aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SGOT). In healthy persons, these liver enzymes are predominantly contai…
Glycation is the non-enzymatic bonding of a sugar molecule to a protein or lipid molecule. Glycated serum proteins (GSP) are proteins that have undergone glycation and circulate in the blood. The vast majority (90%) of GSP…
Unlike the “bad” low-density lipoprotein particles (LDL) which deliver fat molecules to cells, HDL is the “good” cholesterol that removes extra cholesterol from cells and reduces plaque buildup in your arteries and carries…
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a substance that the liver makes in response to inflammation. The C-reactive protein test measures the amount of this protein in the blood. The test can help to diagnose acute and chronic condit…
The liver produces cholesterol that your body needs and packages fat molecules (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). As VLDL transports fat to cells around your body, VLDL…
Oxidative stress (OS) is a phenomenon or physiological state caused by the imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in your body. Free radicals, all called reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive oxygen metabolit…
SA-β-gal is an enzyme and considered the best biomarker for cellular senescence, which is the permanent arrest of cell growth. Senescence increases as we age and is one of the most important hallmarks of aging. Senescent c…
The main role of vitamin D is to maintain healthy bones by helping calcium and phosphate absorption from the intestines. Not having enough vitamin D raises risk of bone loss and fractures. Vitamin D is likely beneficial fo…